International license, license conversion, road rules, and fines.
You can drive on your home country licence plus an IDP during the grace period (3 months in NSW, 6 months in VIC, etc.). After that you must convert to that state's licence.
An IDP alone is not enough to drive. You must carry your original home country licence with it, and an IDP cannot be issued in Australia — arrange it before you leave.
Whether tests are waived when converting to an Australian licence depends on your country.
| Licence country | Converting to AU licence |
|---|---|
| 🇯🇵 · 🇬🇧 · 🇳🇿 · 🇺🇸 · 🇨🇦 · 🇸🇬 · 🇫🇷 · 🇩🇪 … | Tests waived — convert on documents only (List A recognised) |
| 🇰🇷 · 🇹🇼 · 🇭🇰 | Waiver abolished from Feb 2026 (NSW) / Apr 2025 (VIC) → knowledge + driving tests now required |
| 🇨🇳 · 🇻🇳 | Knowledge + driving tests required from the start (non-recognised) |
You can drive short-term on your home country licence (English version) or an International Driving Permit (IDP). Once you start residing here, though, you must convert to an Australian licence within the grace period (NSW: 3 months for PR, 6 months for temporary visas / VIC: 6 months). The no-test conversion for experienced drivers (EDR) was abolished in NSW on 1 Feb 2026 and in VIC on 30 Apr 2025, so unless your licence is from a recognised jurisdiction you must now sit both the knowledge and driving tests. For short stays always carry the English licence/IDP — police stops and car hire require it.
Licences from recognised countries convert without tests, but from 1 February 2026 'Experienced Driver Status' (EDR) ceased to operate, so all other jurisdictions must sit knowledge and driving tests.
Recognised countries convert without tests; everyone else must pass knowledge, hazard perception and drive tests. 'Experienced Driver Status' ended on 30 April 2025.
Requirements vary by license duration. 3+ years may be exempt.
WA and SA also accept overseas licence conversions. An approved translation and an eye test are required, and test exemptions depend on the issuing jurisdiction.
Rough NSW conversion cost (2026): knowledge test $57 + driving test $70 (per attempt) + licence issue ($228 for 5 years) ≈ $355. Note that NSW only accepts translations from Multicultural NSW, the Department of Home Affairs, and certain issuing-country consulates — general NAATI translations are not accepted.
Very common. Enter clockwise. Give way to vehicles from the right.
Default residential limit is 50km/h. Speed cameras are everywhere.
| Violation | Fine | Points |
|---|---|---|
| Speeding <10km/h | $140 | 1 |
| Speeding 10-20km/h | $290 | 3 |
| Speeding 20-30km/h | $580 | 4 |
| Mobile phone use | $387 | 5 |
| No seatbelt | $387 | 3 |
| Drink driving (0.05-0.08%) | $600+ | Suspension |
Full license holders have 13 points over 3 years. Exceeding = suspension.
Unpaid fines incur late fees and may result in court summons.
NSW license conversion and testing
VIC overseas license conversion
QLD overseas license info
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Official Australian Road Rules
From preparing for the licence conversion tests to buying a used car, understanding the three layers of rego and insurance, knowing exactly what to do after a crash, managing fines and demerit points, and keeping your car running day to day — this guide covers the full picture of driving life in Australia in depth. Rules and fees vary by state and visa type and are revised frequently, so always confirm the latest details with your state's official authority, such as Service NSW or VicRoads, before you act.
The DKT, NSW's written test, is booked through Service NSW and sat on a computer at a service centre. The fee is about 57 dollars, and it is available in a wide range of community languages. Every question comes straight from the Road User Handbook, in a 45-question format, so the most reliable preparation is to repeatedly work through the free official DKT practice tests provided by the NSW government. The question types that trip people up most are roundabout give-way priority, school zone speeds and operating hours, and alcohol limits — read the handbook text itself for these three areas. You can re-sit if you fail, but you pay the fee again each time, so it is cheaper to book only once you are consistently scoring near-perfect on the practice tests.
NSW issues a P2 licence if you have held your overseas licence for more than 12 months, and a full (unrestricted) licence if you have held it for more than 3 years — so documentary proof of how long you have held it determines your class. The key document is an official driving-history certificate from your home country's licensing authority, showing both the original date of issue and your renewal history. The licence card itself usually shows the latest renewal date as the issue date, so handing over only the card can make your experience look much shorter than it is — make sure you obtain a certificate that states the original issue date. It is easiest to get this before you leave home; if you are already in Australia, check whether your home country offers online issuance you can print, or have a family member obtain it and send it to you.
The NSW driving test costs about 70 dollars per attempt, and apart from failing on accumulated minor deductions, there are separate instant-fail items such as situations where the examiner has to intervene (examiner intervention), crossing a stop line, or failing to give way. You can sit the test in your own car — as long as its registration and insurance are current — or hire a driving school car, and the common approach is a school package that bundles a pre-test practice lesson with car hire. For experienced drivers converting an overseas licence, the single biggest source of lost points is not keeping-left mistakes but the head check — physically turning your head to check the blind spot over your shoulder before changing lanes or pulling out. The longer you have driven on mirrors alone, the more deliberately you need to practise exaggerated head checks to the test standard — it is the key to passing.
Driving test bookings in metropolitan Sydney commonly run weeks to months out, so if you simply wait for the first available date you may blow past your grace period. The Service NSW booking system constantly releases slots that other candidates have cancelled, so the standard tactic is to lock in any date at all, then log in every day and switch to an earlier cancellation slot. Another option is travelling out to an outer-suburban or regional centre with shorter queues — if unfamiliar roads worry you, do a practice drive in that area the day before the test. There are fee rules for changes and no-shows, so check the change cut-off, and on test day check your identity documents and your car's registration and insurance status in advance so you are not turned away at check-in.
Following the February 2026 changes, NSW requires permanent visa holders to convert to a local licence within 3 months and temporary visa holders within 6 months, while VIC's benchmark is 6 months. Once that window closes you can no longer drive on your overseas licence — if caught you are treated as an unlicensed driver, and if you have an accident your insurer can refuse the claim. A backlog of test bookings is not accepted as an excuse, so the safe approach is to start with the DKT and work through the steps as soon as you arrive. The clock is often taken to start not from your arrival date but from when you became a resident of that state, so if in doubt, count conservatively — and if you cannot get a test slot in time, throw everything at it: daily cancellation-slot swaps plus a regional centre booking, and finish within the window.
If your evidence of experience falls short and your conversion comes back as a P2, the novice driver restrictions apply without exception — even to experienced adults. The baseline is a blood alcohol limit of 0.00 (not even one drink), a total ban on mobile phone use while driving (including cradle-mounted navigation), and mandatory P plates front and rear; P1 holders in NSW are also capped at 90km/h. Demerit limits are far lower too — 4 points for P1 and 7 for P2, versus 13 on a full licence — so one or two speeding offences can mean suspension. It is common for people who drove for over a decade back home to pick up demerit points for using a phone cradle simply because they did not know the P-plate rules, so make sure you check the restrictions for your issued class on Service NSW.
Before you put down a deposit, always run the 2-dollar search against the car's VIN at the official government site ppsr.gov.au. The report shows any outstanding finance (encumbrance), stolen-vehicle reports, and write-off history — and if you buy a car with money still owing on it, the finance company can repossess it even after you have paid in full. The third-party history-check sites that pop up in search results often just resell the same information for 20 to 50 dollars, so the official 2-dollar search is all you need. The process takes minutes — enter the 17-character VIN, pay, receive the certificate by email — and that certificate also serves as evidence that you bought in good faith if a dispute arises later.
Buying from a licensed dealer comes with a state statutory warranty — in NSW, cars under 10 years old with fewer than 160,000km on the clock get a 3-month or 5,000km statutory warranty, plus the protections of the Australian Consumer Law (ACL). A private sale, by contrast, is in principle an as-is purchase: hidden defects become your problem, and the lower price is effectively the cost of giving up those protections. The worst counterparty is the backyard dealer — an unlicensed operator posing as a private seller while turning over multiple cars — who dodges both layers of protection, so walk away if the seller's name does not match the registration papers or they have several cars listed at once. For a first car, paying a bit more at a dealer makes sense; a private sale is reasonable if you can bring along someone who genuinely knows cars.
The state motoring clubs — NRMA in NSW, RACV in VIC, RACQ in QLD — run paid pre-purchase inspections where a mechanic travels to the seller's location, checks the car's mechanical condition and produces a written report. It costs a few hundred dollars, but it screens out faults a non-expert can never catch on a test drive — transmission condition, flood damage, oil leaks — so think of it as insurance against a repair bill running into the thousands. You book through each club's website or by phone, and simply ask the seller to accommodate the inspection time. A seller who refuses or keeps stalling on an inspection is itself a powerful warning sign — move on to the next listing without regret.
Renewing vehicle registration (rego) in NSW is a two-part exercise — you pay the registration fee and buy CTP insurance (the green slip) separately and combine them — whereas in VIC and QLD the CTP is included in the rego bill and it is all done at once. NSW lets you choose 3, 6 or 12-month renewal terms, which spreads the lump-sum burden, though shorter terms cost slightly more per month. If you are caught driving unregistered you face a hefty fine, and on top of that your insurance cover can be voided in an accident — so managing the renewal deadline matters. If you move interstate you must re-register in the new state within a set period, and because inspection requirements differ by state, you may be asked for a safety inspection your previous state never required.
NSW CTP insurance (the green slip) provides cover that is identical by law, yet prices differ between insurers — so the baseline move is to get quotes from every insurer at once via greenslips.nsw.gov.au, run by the regulator SIRA. Depending on your age, demerit history and garaging postcode, the gap between insurers can reach hundreds of dollars, and even a single demerit point can add up to around 300 dollars. There is no guarantee last year's cheapest insurer is cheapest again this year, so making fresh comparisons at every renewal is what keeps your annual spend down. The quote form takes only a few minutes — when the rego renewal notice arrives, start with the green slip comparison.
In NSW, a vehicle more than 5 years old must pass an annual safety inspection (the eSafety Check, commonly called the pink slip) before its rego can be renewed, and the result remains valid for 6 months. Most local workshops with authorised inspection station (AIS) accreditation can do it, and the result is transmitted electronically to Transport for NSW — no paperwork to lodge. If the car fails, you must fix the listed defects and be re-inspected, so it is safer to get it done with time to spare rather than right on the renewal deadline. Note that the inspection required to re-register a car whose registration has lapsed is a separate procedure called the blue slip — not the same as the annual pink slip.
The CTP attached to your rego covers personal injury only — it pays not a cent towards repairing any car, yours or theirs — and many new migrants drive around relying on CTP alone without realising this. If you cause an accident with no property cover, you pay the other car's repair bill entirely out of your own pocket, and if the other car is a luxury model, damages in the tens of thousands of dollars are a real prospect. That is why, even if comprehensive feels too expensive, Third Party Property insurance — which covers the other car's repairs — should be treated as effectively essential. When taking out comprehensive cover, check whether payouts are based on market value or agreed value: market value means a cheaper premium but only the depreciated amount on a write-off, while agreed value guarantees the figure set at sign-up in exchange for a somewhat higher premium.
In Australia, the parties to an accident are legally required to exchange names, addresses, phone numbers, vehicle registration numbers and insurer details. Once you are safe, photograph the damage on all four sides of each car, the other car's number plate, a wide shot of the scene showing the whole road, and the surrounding signs and signals — and if there are witnesses, take their contact details. This record is what later determines fault and whether your excess is refunded. If the other driver refuses to exchange details or tries to leave, do not get into a scuffle — photograph the plate and report it to the police. With the plate alone, their CTP insurer and registered owner can be traced.
Reporting to the police is mandatory if anyone is injured, a vehicle needs towing, the other party refuses to exchange details, or it is a hit-and-run. Call 000 in an emergency — someone's life is at risk or the scene is dangerous — and the Police Assistance Line on 131 444 for everything else; once your report is lodged you will be given an event number. That number is the key piece of evidence proving the accident happened when you claim on insurance, so make sure you record it. You do not automatically need police for a minor bump, but if even one of the mandatory criteria above applies, failing to report can itself be an offence — when in doubt, the safe option is to ask on 131 444.
Saying anything at the scene to the effect that it was your fault can work against you later in the insurance claim and fault negotiations. Fault is not something the parties decide at the roadside — it is determined by both insurers, and if necessary legal representatives, weighing the facts — so at the scene, stick to asking whether anyone is hurt and stating objective facts, and steer clear of arguments about blame. As a rule, do not agree if the other driver proposes settling in cash without insurance: there is no way to block later claims for injuries or damage that surface afterwards, and some people take the settlement money and then lodge an insurance claim anyway. Dashcam footage is the most powerful evidence in a fault dispute, so save the file separately right after the accident, before it is overwritten.
If the other party is at fault but has no insurance, recovering your repair costs means sending them a letter of demand personally and, if they do not respond, pursuing a small claims process in the local court. That route is slow and depends on their capacity to pay, so if your comprehensive policy includes uninsured motorist cover, claiming through your own insurance first is far faster. Personal injury is a different story: even if a hit-and-run vehicle cannot be identified, or the at-fault car is unregistered, you can still claim CTP compensation through a scheme called the Nominal Defendant. Whichever route you take, claim deadlines apply — so secure an event number by reporting to the police straight after the accident and start the process as soon as you can.
In NSW, the ACT and WA, demerit points for speeding, seatbelt, mobile phone and helmet offences are doubled during designated holiday periods such as Easter and the Christmas–New Year break. A P1 driver with a limit of only 4 points can cross the suspension line with a single offence in one of these windows. QLD, by contrast, does not use holiday periods — it runs a permanent system that doubles the points when you repeat the same type of offence within a year — so drivers moving between Sydney and the Gold Coast need to know both regimes. The annual double demerit calendar is published in advance on the NSW government transport site, so make it a habit to check whether a holiday long drive falls in one of these periods.
You can check your own demerit points in real time by logging into the Service NSW app or website, and points expire 3 years from the date of the offence. Remember that the clock starts on the day you committed the offence — not the day you received the notice or paid the fine. NSW runs a reward scheme returning 1 demerit point to drivers who complete 12 months offence-free, made permanent in 2026 — though L and P licences are excluded. The limits are 13 points on a full licence, 7 on P2 and 4 on P1, so knowing how much headroom your class has left is what lets you manage the risk through holiday double demerit periods.
NSW introduced the world's first mobile phone detection cameras in 2019, has been running seatbelt cameras since July 2024, and from 2025 extended average-speed (point-to-point) cameras — previously trucks only — to all vehicles. A phone offence costs a 423-dollar fine and 5 demerit points, rising to 10 during double demerit periods — the most expensive everyday offence there is. A quick glance while waiting at a red light still counts, and while the engine is running, simply holding a phone that is not fixed in a cradle is in itself an offence. The cameras shoot from above the traffic at a downward angle and catch phone use even in your lap — so the only safe policy is to give up touching the phone entirely while driving and set your destination before you set off.
If a fine is unfair you can request a review online through the Revenue NSW website, and supporting material you attach — photos, medical records and so on — is taken into account. Where conditions are met, such as a 10-year clean record, the fine is sometimes downgraded to a caution instead, so it is worth trying if your record is clean. If the review is rejected you can choose court election and fight it before a magistrate, but if you lose, court costs are added on top of the fine and a criminal record is possible — so unless the case is clearly unjust, weigh the costs and benefits coldly. If a camera notice arrives but you were not the one driving, do not simply pay it — use the nomination process to name the actual driver. Falsely nominating someone by statutory declaration carries heavy penalties.
Australian servos offer 91, 95 and 98 octane petrol, the ethanol blend E10, and diesel — and your car's minimum required fuel is stated on the label inside the fuel flap or in the owner's manual. Using a lower octane than required can strain the engine, and E10 should only go into E10-compatible vehicles. Petrol prices in Sydney and other big cities move in cycles spanning several weeks, with the gap between peak and trough reaching tens of cents per litre — so the basic saving strategy is to use the NSW government's official FuelCheck app to find the cheapest servo in real time and fill the tank at the bottom of the cycle. Add tools like the price-lock feature in the 7-Eleven app — which lets you freeze the lowest price you have spotted for a few days and fill up later — and the reduction in your annual fuel bill becomes genuinely noticeable.
A new-car warranty is not conditional on servicing at the dealer's service centre — it stays intact as long as a qualified independent workshop services the car to the manufacturer's schedule (the logbook). This is a consumer right confirmed by the ACCC, so if a dealer uses the warranty as leverage to insist on its own centre, you are under no obligation to comply. Compare the dealer's capped price servicing against local workshop quotes line by line, and if the quote includes items that are not in the logbook — air-conditioning sanitising, assorted additives — question whether they are actually needed and strip them out. Once a car is past 5 years old, bundling the annual pink slip inspection and the regular service at the same workshop in one visit saves both time and money.
Roadside assistance — covering flat batteries, lockouts, punctures and towing — comes via three routes: membership of your state motoring club (NRMA in NSW, RACV in VIC, RACQ in QLD), an add-on to your comprehensive insurance, and the free program manufacturers include for a set period with new cars. Price and coverage (callout limits, free towing distance caps) differ by route, so compare and sign up for just one — and if your car is new, make sure you are not doubling up during the manufacturer's free period. If you only drive around the city, a basic plan is plenty; but if you regularly do long regional trips, a higher-tier plan with a longer towing limit can save you hundreds of dollars in towing fees when it actually happens.
Yes, with an International Driving Permit (IDP) during the grace period (3 months in NSW, 6 months in VIC, etc.). After that you must convert.
It depends on where your licence was issued. Only licences from recognised countries convert without tests, and from 1 February 2026 'Experienced Driver Status' (EDR) ceased to operate, so all other jurisdictions must sit knowledge and driving tests (nsw.gov.au). Check the recognised list with Service NSW.
Recognised countries convert without tests; everyone else must pass the Learner Permit Test, Hazard Perception Test and Drive Test. 'Experienced Driver Status' ended on 30 April 2025.
Australia drives on the left. Roundabouts go clockwise, give way to right.
NSW has, as a rule, banned the re-registration of repairable write-offs since 2011, which creates a pipeline of written-off cars being repaired and registered in other states before flowing into the market. If the PPSR report's write-off section shows a record, you are looking at a car whose accident severity and repair quality are unknown — be cautious even if it is priced below market, and scrutinise the history of interstate cars especially closely. Odometer fraud is worth suspecting when the mileage in the service records does not match the dash reading, or when wear on the pedals, steering wheel and seats looks excessive for the displayed kilometres. If you suspect tampering you can report it to NSW Fair Trading or your state's consumer protection body — and choosing a car with a complete service history is the surest prevention.
When you buy a used car in NSW, transferring the registration within 14 days of purchase keeps the transfer fee at 41 dollars; miss the deadline and it jumps to 188 dollars. You can do the transfer online through your MyServiceNSW account, paying the motor vehicle duty at the same time — calculated at 3% of the vehicle price up to 45,000 dollars, and 5 dollars per 100 dollars on the amount above that. The seller's notice of disposal matters too: once it is lodged, any subsequent fines or toll bills stop landing on the seller, and for the buyer it is confirmation the transfer has properly gone through. In a private sale, the cleanest way to avoid trouble later is for both parties to complete their online steps on the spot, on the day of the transaction.
Listings split by character — carsales (dealer-heavy, with stronger listing verification) versus Gumtree and Facebook Marketplace (mostly private, cheaper, but higher scam risk) — so start by checking the asking price against a Redbook valuation. The classic scam patterns are: a seller claiming to be overseas who will ship the car once you pay upfront; being steered to a fake escrow (secure payment) site; and a conspicuously below-market price paired with pressure to decide fast. Never send money for any reason before you have seen the car and test-driven it, and only proceed after matching the seller's ID against the name on the registration papers. For payment, an instant Osko/PayID transfer through your banking app — where you can verify the recipient's account name — leaves a record and is safer than a wad of cash.
In practice there are four levers for adjusting your premium: raising the excess, restricting driver age or the list of named drivers, parking location (a garage or dedicated spot versus the street), and your declared annual kilometres. Raising the excess lowers the premium but increases what you pay when there is an accident, so set it within the range of your emergency fund. Many insurers add an extra excess on top of the basic one for drivers under 25 or licensed for less than 2 years, and if someone not listed on the policy crashes the car, the claim can be refused or a steep unlisted-driver excess imposed. If you might lend the car to family or friends, checking the driver restrictions in advance is what prevents a dispute after an accident.
Australian premiums vary heavily with your no-claim bonus rating, and some insurers will count your overseas record towards a discount rating if you submit a no-claims certificate from your insurer back home. You can usually obtain an English-language certificate of insurance and claims history through your home insurer's call centre or app, so it is worth arranging before you move. Recognition — and the required format — differs from insurer to insurer, so rather than judging by online quotes alone, the efficient order is to phone at the quote stage, confirm they recognise overseas no-claim history, and then submit the paperwork. The most common mistake is giving up after the first one or two say no — find an insurer that does recognise it and your premium drops meaningfully from the very first year.
When you lodge a claim, the default is that you pay your excess up front — but if you are confirmed not-at-fault and you have the at-fault driver's name, contact details and registration number, the excess is waived or refunded. That is why collecting the other party's details thoroughly at the scene is, quite literally, money. Repairs go to the insurer's nominated repairer by default, but if you added a choice of repairer option when you took out the policy, you can pick a workshop you trust. If the accident was not your fault, claim your right to a hire car for the repair period too — but be wary of the marketing calls from accident hire-car specialists that come right after a crash, as they can drag you into cost-recovery disputes; the safe route is to arrange the hire car through your own insurer.
Since the 2017 CTP reforms, NSW pays treatment costs and income support as statutory benefits regardless of who was at fault in the accident. There is a back-payment cut-off, though: you must lodge within 28 days of the accident to receive income support for the period immediately after the crash in full — so if you are injured, do not put off the claim. The claim in principle goes to the at-fault vehicle's CTP insurer; you can look up the insurer with just the other car's registration number, and the regulator SIRA runs a free guidance channel. Secure your hospital records, medical certificates and pre-accident income evidence (payslips and the like) early, so you are not disadvantaged when your support amount is calculated. Even if the pain seems minor, having a medical record from right after the accident makes it much easier to prove causation if symptoms worsen later.
Miss the payment deadline and a 65-dollar overdue fee is added; keep not paying and Revenue NSW escalates step by step — licence suspension, cancellation of your vehicle registration, and ultimately garnishing bank accounts and seizing property. If you cannot pay in one go, do not just leave it — apply for a payment plan, either by phoning Revenue NSW on 1300 138 118 or online. Low-income and vulnerable people can also work off fines through volunteering or approved courses under the Work and Development Order scheme. Explaining that you moved house and never received the notice will get you nowhere — update the address on your licence and rego with Service NSW as soon as you move.
A full licence holder notified of a demerit suspension can choose a 12-month good behaviour licence instead of serving the suspension. The catch is that if you accrue 2 or more demerit points during those 12 months, you serve double the original suspension — it is a gamble, so if your circumstances let you drive less, simply serving the suspension may be the better call. P1 and P2 holders facing a demerit suspension can in some cases appeal to the Local Court, so if driving is essential to your livelihood, it is worth consulting a traffic lawyer. In every case, driving during a suspension is prosecuted not as a mere fine but as the criminal offence of unlicensed driving, and it lengthens the suspension — never do it.
The toll roads of Sydney, Melbourne and Brisbane have no cash booths at all, so a tag account such as Linkt or E-Toll, or a plate-registered account, is effectively essential. If you drive through without an account, you must settle the trip online within 3 days — leave it and a toll notice arrives carrying a fee of around 10 dollars per notice. That notice-fee system is slated for abolition in mid-2026, so check the current rules with Linkt. The worst path is letting unpaid tolls pile up until they convert into fines and the amount snowballs. Rental cars are their own trap — rental companies often charge a daily toll admin fee of 3 to 16 dollars or more, so for hires of 3 days or longer it is usually cheaper to temporarily register the rental car's plates on a casual account in your own name.
On Australian parking signs, 1P and 2P mean you can park for up to 1 or 2 hours — free or at meter rates — during the displayed times; a permit zone is for resident permit holders only, and a Loading Zone is reserved for vehicles loading or unloading goods. No Parking allows only a brief stop to pick up or drop off, whereas No Stopping means you may not stop for any reason at all, and a Clearway is a stretch where parked cars are towed away during the designated hours. The trap lies in the arrows and time ranges: the restriction applies only along the direction the sign's arrow points, and only during the days and times listed alongside (for example, weekdays 8am to 6pm) — and misreading these is one of the classic council fines of the early migrant years. Pay via each council's parking app, and if you believe a fine is unjustified, you can contest it with the issuing council, attaching photo evidence.
Country roads at dawn and dusk are prime kangaroo territory, and if one leaps out, swerving hard to avoid it and rolling the car is the greater danger — the rule is to slow down and brake while keeping the car pointed straight. Whether animal strikes are covered by your comprehensive policy — and if covered, whether they are treated as not-at-fault — varies from policy to policy, so check before a long trip. Australia's regional stretches are long enough that fatigue is a serious risk, so a break every 2 hours is recommended, and during holiday periods driver reviver rest stops offering free coffee operate along major highways. The further inland you go, the more fuel stations thin out — gaps can stretch to hundreds of kilometres — and mobile blackspots multiply, so plan fuel, water and route in advance. Finally, many insurance and rental car contracts list unsealed road driving as an exclusion, so if your trip includes unsealed sections, check that clause in the fine print first.
BAC 0.05%. P platers: 0.00%. Random breath tests are common.
10km/h over: $200-$300. School zones: double.
Apply at your home country's licensing authority before you leave. Fees and validity (usually 1 year) vary by country, and an IDP cannot be issued once you are in Australia.
